Oct 27, 2017  Using LOOPS in GW-BASIC. Unsubscribe from Programs cube? Cancel Unsubscribe. 15 Tutorial on Nested FOR. LOOP in QBASIC. QBasic Nested for loop-1. Krackhead 14 Years Ago. Im taking a qbasic class and am having a very hard time on this program.here is the question.

Then the program would type another question mark on the screen and ask for more data. This would make the program an 'infinite loop', and would run forever. To stop an infinite loop, or a running program at any point. Simple Graphics 7.1 WIDTH 7.2 SCREEN 7.3 Exercise 7.4 More Exercises 7.5 For Super-Extra Credit 7.6 The End of the Beginning Preface ===== This training course shows you the elements of the Basic programming language. Basic Training covers the essentials to get you started.

PRINT 'Please enter the length and width of the rectangle,' PRINT 'Separated by commas.' AGAIN: INPUT L, W PRINT 'The Perimeter is'; 2 * L + 2 * W GOTO AGAIN END then the program would type another question mark on the screen and ask for more data. This would make the program an 'infinite loop', and would run forever.

It is actually a variable, which changes its value each time the program loops (in this example - from 1 to 4). So, if you make a program like this: FOR a = 1 TO 5 PRINT 'This is loop number'; a NEXT a this will print: This is loop number 1 This is loop number 2 This is loop number 3 This is loop number 4 This is loop number 5 With FOR.NEXT you can use the STEP command, which tells QBasic how to count from one number to another. If you type: FOR j = 0 TO 12 STEP 2 ~ ~ ~ NEXT j it will count by two: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 FOR j = 0 TO 6 STEP 1.5 ~ ~ ~ NEXT j This will count: 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 You can also count backwards: FOR d = 10 TO 1 STEP -1 ~ ~ ~ NEXT d When you want QBasic to count backwards, always put STEP -1 (or -whatever)! DO.LOOP Imagine that you have a program that works like an ordinary calculator: you enter numbers, QBasic calculates and shows the result, and the program ends. The program may be good, but one problem is that you have to run the program each time you want to calculate! That’s where the handy DO.LOOP comes in.

Then the OUTER variable is incremented, and tested back at line 2. That loop hasn't run out yet, so line 3 gets executed. The INNER loop is re-initialized all over again, and the whole process starts again. In this particular case, the OUTER loop goes through 100 'cycles', which means the INNER loop is executed 100 times.

It uses the old-style DO label etc. Style of DO-loop to save on having to specify an END DO. The WRITE statement's output list is generated by an 'implied' DO-loop having much of the form of DO J = 1,I and is indeed a proper loop.

FOR n = 1 TO 5 FOR m = 1 TO n '*'; NEXT m NEXT n [ ] Works with: VB6 Public OutConsole As Scripting.TextStream For i = 0 To 4 For j = 0 To i OutConsole.Write '*' Next j OutConsole.WriteLine Next i [ ]. Output: + ++ +++ ++++ +++++ [ ] open monad io loop m n n. Works with: version 77 and later C WARNING: This program is not valid ANSI FORTRAN 77 code.

• What are reserved words or Key words? Ans: IN GW-BASIC some words have fixed meanings and cannot be used as a variable, such words are called Key Words or reserved Words. Such as, IF, THEN, NEXT, FOR. • What is the use of REM statement? Ans: We use REM statement to add remarks in our GW-BASIC programs. • What is a Screen statement?

• Basic is a high level or low level language? A) It is a high level language • When was Basic developed? A) Basic was developed in 1963.

• Define programming language. A) The means and techniques to communicate with the computer hardware in an efficient manner is known as programming language. • Define Natural language. A) Natural languages are highly sophisticated programming languages, which can interact with humans and situations in natural way. • What is Debugging? A) Debugging is the process of detecting locating and correcting errors (bugs) by running the program again and again.

A) Those words whose meaning has already been mentioned to the GWBASIC interpreter are called Reserved Words or Keywords. • Define Command. A) Those instructions which are used to perform macro operations on the program i-e loading, saving, running etc are called commands. • List out various Command names?

• What is the use of RENUM command? A) To arrange the sequence of line numbers. • What does BASIC means? Ans: BASIC is the abbreviation of Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

Three-fourths must be entered as a decimal, not a fraction. In other words, the user must type in 0.75 and not 3/4 to enter the value. Incidentally, the zero before the decimal point is optional. The computer will take.75 without complaining, also.

Ans: Flowchart is the pictorial representation of an algorithm. We can present the flow of data in visual form with a Flowchart. The following symbols are used in a Flow chart. • What is an Algorithm? Ans: An Algorithm is a finite set of steps which, if followed, accomplish a particular task. • What are logical errors? Ans: Such errors are called Logical Errors that are caused in a program due to improper use of symbols and date or wrong use of formula.

NEXT i This little stupid program will print on the screen: I am looping! I am looping! I am looping!

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The output item is a text literal, which in earlier Fortran was unknown, however the result can still be achieved: DO 1 I = 1, 5 1 WRITE ( 6, 2 ) ( 666, J = 1,I ) 2 FORMAT (5I1 ) END This works because if a value cannot be fitted into its output field, the field is filled with asterisks. Which, is what is wanted! Just allow one digit for output (I1), and present a large integer. [ ] ' FB 1.05.0 Win64 For i As Integer = 1 To 5 For j As Integer = 1 To i Print '*'; Next Print Next Sleep. Works with: 1 to: 5 do: [: n Stdout next: n put: $*; cr ] [ ] A slightly longer, 'mundane' version ol outer =?lt(outer,5) outer + 1:f(end) inner = outer; stars = ' il stars =?gt(inner,0) stars '*':f(disp) inner = inner - 1:(il) disp output = stars;:(ol) end The 'real SNOBOL4' starts here: outer b = a =?lt(a,5) a + 1:f(end) inner t = t?(b = (gt(b,0) b - 1)) '*':s(inner) t span('*'). Terminal =:(outer) end one 'loop' only: a = '*****'; a a len(x = x + 1). Output:s(a) end.

• What is a Direct Mode? Ans: When GW-BASIC is loaded, it shows OK message, it is in Direct Mode. In this mode GW-BASIC commands are executed as they are typed. Results are displayed immediately but the commands themselves are lost after execution • What is an Indirect Mode?

Type in PRINT FIX(4.728) and see what you get. Just the 4, of course. Now let's try the Integer function. Type in PRINT INT(4.728) and what do you have? What's the difference, you ask? Type these in and notice the answers: PRINT FIX(-4.728) PRINT INT(-4.728) AH-HA!!

You can just return the control from that function. Or use the ugly break labels approach:) If there is another code parts after your for statement, you can refactor the loops in a function. IMO the use of breaks and continue should be discouraged in OOP, since they affect the readability and the maintenance. Sure, there are cases where they are handy, but in general I think that we should avoid them, since they will encourage the use of goto style programing.

So that FOR loop will run through twice. The first time 'in' being 1 and the second time 'in' being 2. Which would print CHR$(1+64) and CHR$(2+64). And the pattern repeats until 'outer' finally equals 5.

Notice that you get 16 lines? Notice that the INNER loop goes through a complete cycle before the OUTER loop goes to the next value. Each time the OUTER gets another value, the INNER goes through another cycle. It's one dirty way to do multiplication by addition, but has much more interesting uses. One that we will do quite a bit later is for sorting. Let's move on to some more mathematical functions in QBASIC. You (should) already know four: Addition (+); Subtraction (-); Multiplication (*); Division (/).

A) A quantity in a certain program which does not change its value during the execution of the program is known as constant. • Define String Constant. A) A constant which is used to represent non-numeric quantities such as names, addresses etc is known as string constant. • Define Numeric Constant. A) A constant which is used to represent numeric quantities such as marks, percentage quantity etc is known as Numeric Constant. • Define Variable.

• What is the geometrical name of I/O box? A) Parallelogram • What is the geometrical name of decision box? A) Diamond • What is the geometrical name of process box? A) Rectangle • What is the geometrical name of on page connector? A) Circle • What is the geometrical name of off page connector?

• What is a Loop? Ans: Loop is a technique to execute a set of statements repeatedly. • What is an array? Ans: Such collection of contiguous memory collections is called array which can store data of same type.

The DO WHILE loop is like the WHILE loop very much, except for one thing. The WHILE loop is like an IF loop but it keeps on going. The WHILE loop needs to start, so the beginning, when you are setting the conditions, is exactly the same. When the WHILE loop is done, it goes back to right before the conditions. The DO WHILE loop starts the WHILE loop so that you can have a WHILE loop that does not start with conditions, but instead, needs conditions to keep on going. This might not be the exact syntax, because if it doesn't work try it without the semicolon after the while.

English, if you wanted to calculate seven to the third power, it would be something like 7^3. Try it now (in the immediate window): PRINT 7^3 and see what the answer is. Absolute Value is pretty straightforward.

Here's all it does (Type these in): PRINT SGN(14) PRINT SGN(0) PRINT SGN(-244) Notice that positive numbers give you an answer of 1, negative numbers give an answer of -1, and zero gives you back a zero. This can be useful for certain types of decision-making with IF.THEN statements. Can you think of any? I didn't think so The last one is Square Root. Use it like this: PRINT SQR(625) and you get the correct answer of 25. No 'quizzes' this time. Instead, practice using some of these new math functions in programs of your own design.

Try to think up of some kind of nifty math problem (borrow somebody's math book and have fun!) and try writing a program to compute the answer. Be sure to use INPUT statements for getting the values into the computer!!

Next chapter, we will write a 'Square Root' program that uses a 'Divide and Average' method for finding the answer. If you know how this method works, see if you can write the program ahead of time.

It’s a block of comands, where the program doesn’t have to loop a certain number of times, like in FOR.NEXT. It can loop indefinitely, while the condition is met (and when it’s not met, the loop stops), or until the condition is met (so, when it’s met, the loop stops). Condition is basically the same as an argument, for example f.

The word 'Break' is printed on the front of a keycap on some computers, and the top on others. Depending on which keyboard you have, it is either on a key labeled 'ScrlLk' over on the numeric keypad section, or on a key labeled 'Pause' on the right end of the very top row of keys. If you're not sure, check with the manuals that came with your computer. The user must be somewhat careful what he types in response to the question mark for the INPUT statement. First, the number of entries must match the number of variables in the statement, or he will get the 'Redo from Start' message. He will also get this message if he types in any letters (with 2 very specific exceptions - that's in the advanced section) or symbols. For example, fractions cannot be entered.

A) Pentagon • What is a program? A) Program is a set of instructions which are used to solve a problem. • Define Flowchart. A) The pictorial, diagrammatically or graphical representation of the logic of the program is known as flow chart.

I use following block of code to test some conditions in gw-basic program. IF Average >= 80 AND Average = 70 AND Average = 60 AND Average = 50 AND Average = 40 AND Average. IF Average >= 40 AND Average = 80 AND Average = 70 AND Average = 60 AND Average = 50 AND Average = 40 AND Average.

It is a language which was invented to teach students a fundamental concept of programming. • Who invented the BASIC Language? Ans: In 1963 two Americans John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz developed BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) language for computers at Darmouth College. • What are the basic rules of a GW-BASIC program? Every GW-BASIC program should have the following rules: 1-Every program statement must begin with line number. 2-Every program should end with an END statement.

Be careful, though - even when written correctly, the computer will either give a wrong answer or 'hang up'! We'll find ways to fix that by introducing 'tolerance acceptance' as well as guarding against bad inputs (like negative numbers) using something called 'input checking' or 'error checking' or something like that. See you next chapter! Introduced In This Chapter: Keywords: INPUT Concepts: Basic User Interface, Infinite Loops, Stopping a Running Program, Nested Loops, More Math Functions.

If you wanted to C write this program in valid F77, you would have to come up with C a creative way of printing varying numbers of asterisks in a C single write statement. C C The dollar sign at the end of the format is a nonstandard C character. It tells the compiler not to print a newline. If you C are actually using FORTRAN 77, you should figure out what your C particular compiler accepts. If you are actually using Fortran C 90 or later, you should replace this line with the commented C line that follows it. 5001 FORMAT (A, $ ) C5001 FORMAT (A, ADVANCE='NO') END. Works with: version 95 and later integer:: i integer, dimension ( 10 ):: v forall (i = 1: size (v ) ) v (i ) = i But if one accepts that a do-loop can be expressed without the actual word 'do' (or 'for'), then DO 1 I = 1, 5 1 WRITE ( 6, * ) ( '*', J = 1,I ) END That is a complete programme, though a more polite source file would have INTEGER I,J.

• What are Syntax Errors? Ans: Such errors that arise due to limitation of computer are called Syntax Errors.

Beginners Chapter 4 Chapter IV Looping with QBasic To make interesting and efficient programs, you can make QBasic to execute a part of a program more than once. This is called looping, when QBasic goes through a part of a program over and over again. This can be done with the GOTO command, but in QBasic there are some good ways to loop the program. One of them is FOR.NEXT command. FOR.NEXT This command allows you to execute a part of a program a certain number of times. It looks like this: FOR i = 1 TO 4 PRINT 'I am looping!'

I am looping! The letter i can be any other letter, c for example.

When the program gets to the INPUT statement, it types a question mark on the screen and waits for the user to type in the requested number. Incidently, you can also have the statement accept more than one variable at a time, just like the READ statement.

Then the INNER loop gets initialized in the second line. Line 3 prints out an asterisk, and line feed is suppressed (notice the semicolon). Line 4 increments the INNER variable and re-executes the inner loop. This happens 100 times, and then the INNER loop is done. We jump down to line 5, where a single exclamation point is printed.

• In how many ways we can categorize Basic Character Set? A) It can be characterize in three groups. 1) Numeric character 2) Alphabetic character 3) Special character • What are reserve words?

Just to show you how these work if you haven't experimented with them yet (come on, pay attention - they have all been used in programs so far), type in these lines in the immediate window: PRINT 27 + 55 PRINT 87 - 39 PRINT 12 * 11 PRINT 1215 / 45 The answers for each are 82, 48, 132, and 27. Let's learn some new functions. We'll need some of these for the next chapter. Here are all of the 'non-trigonometric' mathematical functions: Exponentiation is ^ Absolute Value is ABS(x) Natural Exponent is EXP(x) Integer Truncation ( what?) is FIX(x) 'Largest' Integer Truncation ( huh?) is INT(x) Natural Logarithm is LOG(x) Random Number is RND(x) Sign Determination is SGN(x) Square Root is SQR(x) Here's How to use them: To find a 'generic' exponent, or in U.S.

Leave the CHR$() out of the FOR header. Look at the example below. FOR outer = 1 to 5 FOR in = 1 to outer PRINT CHR$(in+64) NEXT in NEXT outer Now lets run through the code step by step.

E is the symbol used for the natural base. It's value is approximately 2.71828 or so. QBASIC operates using natural logarithms and antilogarithms. For example, to print e raised to the fourth power, type PRINT EXP(4) and voila! There's your answer! Integer truncation just chops off anything after the decimal point.

A) PRINT, INPUT, LET, FOR-NEXT, READ • Statements are characterized in how many ways? A) They are characterized as: 1) Executable 2) Non-executable • Define Constant.

THOMAS KURTZ. • What is the range of line number in Basic? A) 0 to 65535 • In how many modes we can operate basic language? A) There are two modes of Basic. 1) Direct Mode 2) Indirect Mode • What is meant by Direct Mode?

It could look something like this: MORE: READ A, B LET SUM = A + B PRINT SUM / 2 GOTO MORE DATA 1,3,2,4,57,122,6,-9 END Here is probably how you did the 'Consecutive Products' problem: MORE: READ N O = N + 1 P = N + 2 Q = N + 3 PRINT N * O * P * Q GOTO MORE DATA 9,2,45,54 END On to bigger and better things. Well, on to other things, anyway. The first thing we will learn in this chapter is how to ask the person running the program for information.

Next line 'PRINT CHR$(in+64)' This will be the same as 'PRINT CHR$(65)' because 'in' is 1. Now the loops starts back from the top. This time, 'outer' will equal 2. So therefore, the following FOR statement would really mean 'FOR in = 1 to 2'.

Hope this helped you a little.

Archived from on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2008-06-28. • ^ Gregory Whitten (2005-04-13).

Loops/For You are encouraged to according to the task description, using any language you may know. “ For” loops are used to make some block of code be iterated a number of times, setting a variable or parameter to a monotonically increasing integer value for each execution of the block of code. Common extensions of this allow other counting patterns or iterating over abstract structures other than the integers. Task Show how two loops may be nested within each other, with the number of iterations performed by the inner for loop being controlled by the outer for loop. Specifically print out the following pattern by using one for loop nested in another: * ** *** **** ***** Related tasks • • • • • • Loops/For • • • • • • • Reference • Wikipedia. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • [ ] Basic - Algol style The opcode BXH uses 3 registers, one for index, one for step and one for limit. * Loops/For - BXH Algol LOOPFOR CSECT USING LOOPFORC,R12 LR R12,R15 set base register BEGIN LA R2,0 from 1 (from-step=0) LA R4,1 step 1 LA R5,5 to 5 LOOPI BXH R2,R4,ELOOPI for i=1 to 5 (R2=i) LA R8,BUFFER-1 ipx=-1 LA R3,0 from 1 (from-step=0) LA R6,1 step 1 LR R7,R2 to i LOOPJ BXH R3,R6,ELOOPJ for j:=1 to i (R3=j) LA R8,1(R8) ipx=ipx+1 MVI 0(R8),C'*' buffer(ipx)='*' B LOOPJ next j ELOOPJ XPRNT BUFFER,L'BUFFER print buffer B LOOPI next i ELOOPI BR R14 return to caller BUFFER DC CL80' ' buffer YREGS END LOOPFOR.